REF542PLUS 1VCF752000触摸屏主机隔离输入通道模块

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REF542PLUS 1VCF752000触摸屏主机隔离输入通道模块

在复合式膜生物反应器中安装填料的目的有两个：一是提高处理系统的抗冲击负荷,保证系统的处理效果;二是降低反应器中悬浮性活性污泥浓度,减小膜污染的程度,保证较高的膜通量。复合式膜生物反应器中,由于填料上附着生长着大量微生物,能够保证系统具有较高的处理效果并有抵抗冲击负荷的能力,同时又不会使反应器内悬浮污泥浓度过高,影响膜通量。 4 MBR工艺的特点 4.1 对污染物的去除效率高 MBR对悬浮固体(SS)浓度和浊度有着非常良好的去除效果。由于膜组件的膜孔径非常小(0.01~1祄),可将生物反应器内全部的悬浮物和污泥都截留下来,其固液分离效果要远远好于二沉池,MBR对SS的去除率在99%以上,甚至达到100%;浊度的去除率也在90%以上,出水浊度与自来水相近。由于膜组件的高效截留作用,将全部的活性污泥都截留在反应器内,使得反应器内的污泥浓度可达到较高水平,高可达40~50g/L。这样,就大大降低了生物反应器内的污泥负荷,提高了MBR对有机物的去除效率,对生活污水COD的平均去除率在94%以上,BOD的平均去除率在96%以上。同时,由于膜组件的分离作用,使得生物反应器中的水力停留时间(HRT)和污泥停留时间(SRT)是完全分开的,这样就可以使生长缓慢、世代时间较长的微生物(如硝化细菌)也能在反应器中生存下来,保证了MBR除具有高效降解有机物的作用外,还具有良好的硝化作用。研究表明,MBR在处理生活污水时,对氨氮的去除率平均在98%以上,出水氨氮浓度低于1mg/L。此外,选择合适孔径的膜组件后,MBR对细菌和病毒也有着较好的去除效果,这样就可以省去传统处理工艺中的消毒工艺,大大简化了工艺流程。另外,在DO浓度较低时,在菌胶团内部存在缺氧或厌氧区,为反硝化创造了条件。仅采用好氧MBR工艺,虽然对TP的去除效率不高,但如果将其与厌氧进行组合,则可大大提高TP的去除率。研究表明,采用A/O复合式MBR工艺,对TP的去除率可达70%以上。 4.2 具有较大的灵活性和实用性在城市污水或工业废水处理中,传统的处理工艺(格栅+沉砂池+初沉池+曝气池+二沉池+消毒池)流程较长,占地面积大,而出水水质又不能保证。而MBR工艺(筛网过滤+MBR)则因流程短、占地面积小!处理水量灵活等特点,而呈现出明显优势#MBR的出水量根据实际情况,只需增减膜组件的片数就可完成产水量调整,非常简单、方便。对于传统的活性污泥法工艺中出现的污泥膨胀现象,MBR由于不用二沉池进行固液分离,可以轻松解决。这样,就大大减轻了管理操作的复杂程度,使稳定的出水成为可能。同时,MBR工艺非常易于实现自动控制,提高了污水处理的自动化水平。 4.3 解决了剩余污泥处置难的问题剩余污泥的处置问题,是污水处理厂运行好坏的关键问题之一#MBR工艺中,污泥负荷非常低,反应器内营养物质相对缺乏,微生物处在内源呼吸区,污泥产率低,因而使得剩余污泥的产生量很少,SRT得到延长,排除的剩余污泥浓度大,可不用进行污泥浓缩,而直接进行脱水,这就大大节省了污泥处理的费用。有研究得出,在处理生活污水时,MBR佳的排泥时间在35d左右。由上述可知,MBR工艺所具有的优越性,是目前其他处理工艺无法比拟的#该工艺在城市污水或生活污水处理!高浓度有机废水、难降解有机废水以及中水回用等方面都具有广阔的应用前景。自动化公路是交通自动化的先导和基础，也是现代工业国家的生命线。在许多国家交通阻塞造成的时间耽搁、燃油浪费，以及毫无必要的废气排放，都给社会造成了很大的损失。有人可能认为，解决问题的出路不外乎是建造更多的公路。然而，修建新公路是造价极高的工程。例如,美国改造波士顿中央干道１１公里长的一个路段,计划需要大约８０亿美元的资金。因此,大规模地扩建城市通道及高速公路,在经济上是不可行的,人们必须设法学会更加有效地利用现有的公路。自动化公路是扩大公路交通能力的省钱的途径。自动化公路的组成原理表明自动化公路系统是辟出一条车道或一组车道,来让装有专门设备的小汽车、卡车和公共汽车等在计算机的控制下结队行驶，通过一个小型计算机网络（这些小型计算机安装在汽车内以及某些路段的路边）来协调车流,从而增大车流量,提高公路的运输能力。自动化公路交通所需的新技术大部分集中在汽车中, 一个前视传感器或一个摄像机探测前方的危险障碍物和其它车辆以及车道边界,这些设备与计算机相连,由计算机迅速处理得到的图像,然后操纵汽车转向、刹车,使车辆保持适当的速度和姿态。每辆汽车上都载有数字无线电设备,它使车上的计算机能够同附近的其它车辆通信,也能同监控公路的监视计算机通信,使驾车者得知有关汽车运行情况的信息。There are two purposes to install fillers in the composite membrane bioreactor: one is to improve the anti impact load of the treatment system and ensure the treatment effect of the system; The second is to reduce the concentration of suspended activated sludge in the reactor, reduce the degree of membrane pollution, and ensure high membrane flux. In the composite membrane bioreactor, due to a large number of microorganisms attached to the filler, it can ensure that the system has a high treatment effect and the ability to resist shock load, and at the same time, it will not make the concentration of suspended sludge in the reactor too high, which will affect the membrane flux. 4 Characteristics of MBR process 4.1 High pollutant removal efficiency MBR has a very good removal effect on suspended solid (SS) concentration and turbidity. Because the membrane aperture of the membrane module is very small (0.01~1 µ m), it can intercept all suspended solids and sludge in the bioreactor. Its solid-liquid separation effect is far better than that of the secondary sedimentation tank. The removal rate of SS by MBR is more than 99%, or even 100%; The removal rate of turbidity is also above 90%, and the turbidity of effluent is similar to that of tap water. Due to the high efficiency of membrane module, all activated sludge is trapped in the reactor, so that the sludge concentration in the reactor can reach a high level, up to 40~50g/L. In this way, the sludge load in the bioreactor is greatly reduced, and the removal efficiency of organic matters by MBR is improved. The average removal rate of COD in domestic sewage is more than 94%, and the average removal rate of BOD is more than 96%. At the same time, due to the separation of membrane modules, the hydraulic retention time (HRT) and sludge retention time (SRT) in the bioreactor are completely separated, so that microorganisms (such as nitrifying bacteria) with slow growth and long generation time can also survive in the reactor, ensuring that MBR has good nitrification in addition to efficient degradation of organic matter. The research shows that when MBR is used to treat domestic sewage, the average removal rate of ammonia nitrogen is above 98%, and the ammonia nitrogen concentration in the effluent is less than 1mg/L. In addition, after selecting membrane modules with appropriate pore size, MBR also has a good removal effect on bacteria and viruses, which can eliminate the disinfection process in traditional treatment process and greatly simplify the process flow. In addition, when the DO concentration is low, there is an anoxic or anaerobic zone in the micelle, which creates conditions for denitrification. Only aerobic MBR process is used. Although the removal efficiency of TP is not high, if it is combined with anaerobic process, the removal efficiency of TP can be greatly improved. The research shows that the removal rate of TP can reach more than 70% by using A/O compound MBR process. 4.2 It has great flexibility and practicability In the treatment of urban sewage or industrial wastewater, the traditional treatment process (grid+grit chamber+primary sedimentation tank+aeration tank+secondary sedimentation tank+disinfection tank) has a long process and a large area, while the effluent quality cannot be guaranteed. The MBR process (screen filtration+MBR) is short in process and occupies a small area! The water yield of # MBR shows obvious advantages due to its flexible treatment capacity. According to the actual situation, the water yield can be adjusted by simply increasing or decreasing the number of membrane modules, which is very simple and convenient. For the sludge bulking in the traditional activated sludge process, MBR can easily solve the problem because it does not need a secondary sedimentation tank for solid-liquid separation. In this way, the complexity of management operation is greatly reduced, and the quality is improved! Stable effluent is possible. At the same time, MBR process is very easy to realize automatic control, which improves the automation level of sewage treatment. 4.3 The problem of difficult disposal of excess sludge has been solved. The disposal of excess sludge is one of the key problems for the operation of the WWTP. In the # MBR process, the sludge load is very low, nutrients in the reactor are relatively lacking, microorganisms are in the internal breathing zone, and the sludge yield is low. As a result, the amount of excess sludge produced is small, SRT is extended, and the concentration of discharged excess sludge is large, so the sludge can be directly dehydrated without sludge thickening, This greatly saves the cost of sludge treatment. According to research, the best sludge discharge time of MBR is about 35d when treating domestic sewage. It can be seen from the above that the MBR process has the advantages that other treatment processes can not match at present # This process can be used for urban sewage or domestic sewage treatment! High concentration organic wastewater, refractory organic wastewater and reclaimed water reuse have broad application prospects. Automated highway is the precursor and foundation of traffic automation, and also the lifeline of modern industrial countries. In many countries, time delay, fuel waste and unnecessary exhaust emissions caused by traffic congestion have caused great losses to society. Some people may think that the only way to solve the problem is to build more roads. However, building new roads is a very expensive project. For example, the United States plans to spend about 8 billion dollars to rebuild an 11 kilometer section of Boston's central trunk road. Therefore, it is economically infeasible to expand urban corridors and expressways on a large scale. People must learn to make more effective use of existing highways. Automatic highway is the most economical way to expand highway traffic capacity. The composition principle of the automated highway indicates that the automated highway system is to set up a lane or a group of lanes to allow cars, trucks and buses equipped with special equipment to drive in groups under the control of computers, and coordinate the traffic flow through a small computer network (these small computers are installed in cars and on the roadside of some sections), so as to increase the traffic flow and improve the transportation capacity of the highway. Most of the new technologies required for automatic road traffic are concentrated in cars. A forward looking sensor or a camera detects dangerous obstacles and other vehicles in front of you, as well as lane boundaries. These devices are connected to the computer, and the computer quickly processes the images, and then controls the car to turn and brake, so that the vehicle can maintain an appropriate speed and attitude. Each vehicle is equipped with digital radio equipment, which enables the computer on the vehicle to communicate with other nearby vehicles, as well as with the monitoring computer monitoring the road, so that the driver can know the information about the vehicle operation.